The The Human Cost of War

A Study of Internally Displaced Persons and Humanitarian Challenges in Mekelle City, Tigray, Ethiopia

Abstract

The conflict in Tigray, Ethiopia, which began in November 2020, has triggered a severe humanitarian crisis, displacing over 1.7 million people. This study investigates the root causes, consequences, and humanitarian responses to internal displacement in the region. Guided by conflict theory, the human security framework, and transitional justice theory, the research employs a qualitative methodology, incorporating in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and analysis of reports from governmental and non-governmental organisations. The findings reveal the devastating impact of the war between the Ethiopian federal government and the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF). Displaced populations face critical shortages of food, shelter, healthcare, and protection, with women and girls particularly vulnerable to sexual violence and inadequate reproductive health services. Children experience disrupted education and increased risks of exploitation. Despite efforts by local and international aid organisations, humanitarian responses are severely constrained by funding shortages, logistical challenges, and political interference. The study advocates for a comprehensive, multi-sectoral approach that prioritises human security, accountability, and transitional justice. It calls for enhanced international support, gender-sensitive policies, and sustainable solutions to protect displaced populations. Future research should explore the long-term psychological effects of displacement, assess the effectiveness of transitional justice mechanisms, and improve coordination among humanitarian actors. By highlighting the lived experiences of those affected, this study contributes to the discourse on internal displacement, emphasising the need for a rights-based, justice-centred approach to humanitarian intervention.