Prevalence of Toxocara vitulorum and its associated risk factors in calves in and around Dessie, Ethiopia

Abstract

The dairy sector in Ethiopia is integral to the national economy, with calves signifying the future of dairy herds. Despite this importance, calf productivity is undermined by health challenges particularly parasitic infections such as Toxocara vitulorum. To evaluate the prevalence of this parasite and identify the associated risk factors in dairy calves, a cross-sectional study was conducted in and around Dessie. Using a simple random sampling method, 384 calves under one year of age were selected. Fecal samples were examined using floatation technique and quantified using the McMaster technique, while management and animal level data were gathered through semi-structured questionnaires. The data were processed using SPSS software, with Chi-square tests used to examine associations between infection and potential risk factors. The study found an overall Toxocara vitulorum prevalence of 23.2% (89/384). Statistically significant risk factors included calf age (P<0.001), production system type (P=0.038), herd structure (P=0.004), breed (P=0.012), farmer education level (P=0.018), source of drinking water (P=0.023), and place of birth (P=0.010). Younger calves, those raised in extensive systems, and those consuming river water showed notably higher infection rates. These findings underscore the need for improved calf health management. The persistence of Toxocara vitulorum highlights critical gaps in hygiene, nutrition, and parasite control in smallholder settings. To reduce infection rates and associated economic losses, targeted interventions are essential. These include regular deworming, educational programs for farmers on calf rearing and hygiene, improved colostrum feeding practices, and access to clean water